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We present this information, from our own, US, National Energy Technology Laboratory to document that Carbon Dioxide can be directly captured from Coal-To-Liquid conversion facilities.
An excerpt:
"Pre-combustion CO2 capture relates to gasification plants, where fuel is converted into gaseous components by applying heat under pressure in the presence of steam. CO2 can be captured from the synthesis gas that emerges from the coal gasification reactor before it is mixed with air in a combustion turbine. Here the CO2 is relatively concentrated and at a high pressure."
This NETL report relates directly to the conversion (gasification) of coal to syngas, which would then be used, in their scenario, for power generation. However, the coal-derived syngas, instead of being burned in a steam generator, could just as easily be directed into a Fischer-Tropsch reactor and converted into liquid fuel.
Either way, for either use, the Carbon Dioxide generated by the gasification process is captured, and, as we have elsewhere seen, and will see, it can then be used for the synthesis of more liquid fuel.
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We've demonstrated and documented that Carbon Dioxide can be captured from coal plant flue gasses and even, in a practical way, from the atmosphere itself. Once we have the CO2, we can use it as a raw material to manufacture more liquid fuels and organic chemicals. That plain fact is evidenced by our own, US, Patent office, as evidenced by the enclosed link, and the excerpt, following:
| "Title: | How to convert carbon dioxide into synthetic hydrocarbon through a process of catalytic hydrogenation called CO2hydrocarbonation |
| Patent ID: | US6987134 |
| Issue Date: | January 17, 2006 |
| Abstract: | This process uses two catalysts instead of one, converting CO2 into C8H18. Addition of a NaCl catalyst to a Ni catalyst improves the efficiency of Fischer's process because the salt catalyst retains humidity. Furthermore, chlorine opens chemical chains and sodium prevents crystals of oxygen from covering the Ni catalyst. If we are equipped to produce CO2 from biogas or smoke, we can recycle this CO2 and yield a useful liquid. In fact, recycling CO2 into a synthetic crude hydrocarbon, octane, contributes to clean air and to produce a valuable source of energy. Because CO2 is a renewable resource, this process favors a lasting economic development.(Emphasis - JtM) FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a process for producing hydrocarbons from carbon dioxide, in particular, to a process for producing synthetic crude hydrocarbon from carbon dioxide by catalytic hydrogenation." "Synthetic crude ... from Carbon Dioxide". Sounds good to us. |
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Yet another US Patent for the conversion of captured CO2 into liquid hydrocarbon - this time, Methanol is both an end product, or an intermediary to the making of gasoline. Note the use of zeolite as a catalyst. Zeolite catalysis is at the heart of Exxon-Mobil's own, patented and being commercialized, "MTG" - Methanol To Gasoline - technology, wherein Exxon-Mobil posits obtaining their synthesis gas from coal.
The excerpts:
"Title:
Hybrid catalyst for hydrocarbon synthesis via hydrogenation of carbon dioxide
Document Type and Number:
United States Patent 6376562
Abstract:
The present invention provides a hybrid catalyst which is prepared by mixing a methanol synthesis catalyst with SAPO-type zeolite as a methanol conversion catalyst, and a process for the preparation of hydrocarbons from carbon dioxide by using the hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst of the invention can be used for preparing hydrocarbons having a carbon number of more than 2 from carbon dioxide under a relatively on the hydrocarbons produced. Therefore, the hybrid catalyst may be used for preparing various high-valued hydrocarbons from an ubiquitous carbon source of carbon dioxide. "
Our own US patent inspectors have certified the validity of this technology for actually using the coal-use by-product Carbon Dioxide, Mike, using it to make liquid fuel.. Isn't it time everyone knew about it?
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We had earlier reported on some of the work at Palo Alto, but the following excerpts capture the distilled essence of it:
"To address this challenge, we are developing technologies capable of capturing CO2 at atmospheric concentrations and delivering it at high concentrations. This concentrated CO2 can then be combined with hydrogen from electrolysis (of water - JtM) to form liquid hydrocarbon fuel... "
"PARC continues to research and develop high-pressure, pH-controlled prototype optimized for CO2 concentration. Further research will combine this air capture technique with thermocatalytic conversion of CO2 or with reverse water-gas shift reaction and Fischer-Tropsch for “carbon neutral” hydrocarbon fuels synthesis."
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We present the attached in support of our contention that concerns over Carbon Dioxide emissions should not, in any way, slow our efforts to develop a domestic industry producing liquid fuel from coal.
Some excerpts:
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, and Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213"
Note that some authorship is credited to Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh, PA. As with the experts we have previously identified for you at West Virginia University, they, if you are interested, should be easily accessible for follow-up.
And, a key conclusion drawn from the Abstract, which is reproduced in it's entirety, following:
"The analysis indicates that CO2 capture from air for climate change mitigation is technically feasible using off-the-shelf technology."
"Abstract
In contrast to conventional carbon capture systems for power plants and other large point sources, the system described in this paper captures CO22 captured. A prototype system is constructed and tested to measure CO2 absorption, energy use, and evaporative water loss and compared with theoretical predictions. A numerical model of drop collision and coalescence is used to estimate operating parameters for a full-scale system, and the cost of operating the system per unit CO2 captured is estimated. The analysis indicates that CO2 capture from air for climate change mitigation is technically feasible using off-the-shelf technology. Drop coalescence significantly decreases the CO2 absorption efficiency; however, fan and pump energy requirements are manageable. Water loss is significant (20 mol H2O/mol CO2 at 15 °C and 65% RH) but can be lowered by appropriately designing and operating the system. The cost of CO2 capture using NaOH spray (excluding solution recovery and CO2 sequestration, which may be comparable) in the full-scale system is 96 $/ton-CO2 in the base case, and ranges from 53 to 127 $/ton-CO2 under alternate operating parameters and assumptions regarding capital costs and mass transfer rate. The low end of the cost range is reached by a spray with 50 µm mean drop diameter, which is achievable with commercially available spray nozzles." directly from ambient air. This has the advantages that emissions from diffuse sources and past emissions may be captured. The objective of this research is to determine the feasibility of a NaOH spray-based contactor for use in an air capture system by estimating the cost and energy requirements per unit CO
In other words, Mike, the technology to capture and remove CO2 from the atmosphere itself, it's components, at least, are "on the shelf" and commercially available. Once we have the CO2 captured, we can, as we have documented and will further document, use it to manufacture more liquid fuel.
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